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Book
Ročenka zahraničnej politiky Slovenskej republiky 2015
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Year: 2016 Publisher: Bratislava : Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association (RC SFPA),

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The Yearbook is a unique publication which has successfully contributed to the development of the tradition of the regular evaluation and analysis of the foreign policy of Slovakia in the given year. It represents the only book source keeping analytical record of the development of Slovakia's foreign policy and the debate on its further direction.


Book
Naco nám je opozícia? : Institucionálne práva parlamentnej opozície v Cesku a na Slovensku
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ISBN: 8021094648 9788021094635 802109463X 9788021094642 Year: 2019 Publisher: Brno : Masarykova univerzita,

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Za roľníka, pôdu a republiku : Slovenskí agrárnici v prvom polčase 1. ČSR
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Year: 2011 Publisher: Bratislava : Historický ústav SAV,

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Agrarian political movement represents a significant chapter of the Slovak history in the first half of the 20th century. Its beginnings date back to the start of the 20thcentury. Despite several efforts to make it independent it remained part of an integrated Slovak political block before the World War I. It originated as a separate political party with the name National Republican Peasant Party only in 1919 under the new conditions of democratic Czechoslovakia. After unification with their Czech agrarian partners to the united Czechoslovak Republican Party of Peasants and Small Farmers it became the most influential centralist party in Slovakia since the parliamentary elections in 1925 and it kept this position until the end of the first Czechoslovak Republic. The goal of the agrarian party in Slovakia was to attract with its political program the most numerous part of the Slovak population that was employed in agriculture. The party tried to improve material conditions of the population of countryside, in which middle peasant estate absented. The main mean to achieve this goal became the land reform. Its enactment and later its administration became the main point of the party’s political agitation. During the first years of the Czechoslovak Republic the agrarian party in Slovakia was a separate political subject. Because of different opinions about the orientation of the party on peasantry and about the Slovak autonomy, the union with the nationalist wing failed and in 1921 the Slovak National Party separated form the agrarian party again. Slovak agrarians co-operated with their Czech agrarian partners already from the beginning of the republic and after the elections in 1920 they created common parliamentary club. The cooperation culminated with unification of Czech and Slovak agrarians to the united Czechoslovak party. Both sides enjoyed benefits of the unification. Czech agrarians extended their influence to agrarian Slovakia and thanks to it became the strongest party in Czechoslovakia and the Slovak wing of the new party could rely on support of the stronger partner in enforcing its requests on the statewide level. Despite of the fusion to the unified Czechoslovak party, Milan Hodža didn’t abandon his project of cooperation with Slovak fractions of statewide parties and Slovak political subjects. Position in the centre of the Czechoslovak party political spectrum enabled agrarians to seek allies on the left as well as on the right wing. They created not only the axis of the nationwide coalition cabinets, but also of the right-wing cabinets in the second half of the 20th century. Great credit for the creation of this partnership belongs to Milan Hodža who became the clear leader of the Slovak agrarians after 1922. He played a key role in a discussion and convinced Hlinka’s Slovak People’s party to join the government of the first Czechoslovak Republic in 1927, too. The work also tries to answer the question why the party which declared itself a defender of the interests of the largest group of the Slovak population didn’t manage to become the best supported political party in Slovakia. Religion still played a significant role during elections. Majority of Slovak Catholics voted for the clerical Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party which tried to enforce the Slovak autonomy in Czechoslovakia. Agrarians had a significant support in regions with the high number of Lutheran population. Czechoslovak orientation and the alliance with Czech agrarians allowed their Slovak partners to obtain seats in the Czechoslovak governments. As a minister of agriculture in the years 1922 – 1926 Hodža enforced many important demands for the development of Slovak agriculture. The work consists of five chapters with different extent. The first chapter deals with basic ideas of agrarian political ideology. It contains a brief sketch about the formation of the Slovak agrarian political movement before 1918. The following chapter deals with the beginnings of the agrarian party in Slovakia after the establishment of Czechoslovakia, continues with the unsuccessful effort to create a strong nationwide political power and ends with the unification to the Czechoslovak agrarian party in 1922. The chapters 3 and 4 focus on activities of Slovak agrarians in the Czechoslovak agrarian party. The 3rd chapter concentrates on enlarging of the administrative structure of the party in Slovakia and on the office of the main secretariat in Bratislava with its boss František Seďa. It was able to maintain some level of autonomy also after the unification with the Czech partners. The 4th chapter deals with Hodža´s participation in creation of the first right-wing government of Czechoslovakia and his role in convincing Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party to enter the cabinet and in passing a new regional administration law for Slovakia. Except those problems, the author analyses Hodža´s position on Czechoslovak political scene, in the Czechoslovak agrarian party and also the unsuccessful efforts of his Slovak party opponents to threaten his position in Slovakia. The last chapter concentrates on party’s affiliated political organizations and institutions in Slovakia. They played an important role in the party’s successes in the first Czechoslovak Republic. The work deals with the development of the party until 1929 which was one of principal milestones of the first Czechoslovak Republic. It is often called “the end of its golden era”. Just two days after the parliamentary elections in this year came the collapse at the New York stock market. It became the first evident demonstration of the great depression that influenced political and economic life in Czechoslovakia in the next years. Generation change among the leaders of the agrarian party and also in its Slovak wing started, too.


Periodical
Slovak Journal of Political Sciences
ISSN: 13359096 Publisher: De Gruyter Open

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November 89 : Medzník vo vývoji slovenskej spoločnosti a jeho medzinárodný kontext
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Year: 2009 Publisher: Bratislava : Historický ústav SAV,

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November 17th 1989 is one of the most important milestones in the Slovak and Czech history in the 20th century. It initiated deep social changes and it led to global changes of the political system, and in consequence it opened the way for a Slovak and Czech society’s way towards democracy – political and economic plurality, civic and political freedom. It was put an end to the monopole of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, that continuously held the political power in country since the coup d’état in February 1948 and forced the Slovak and Czech society to accept its will through directives, and often frequently, by using the force. Both societies as well as national minorities living in Czechoslovakia expected from the November ’89 not only some partial corrections of socialism, what was the case more than twenty years before during the crucial events of the Czechoslovak Spring in 1968. In November 1989, the inhabitants of Czechoslovakia wanted something more – their allegations were going behind the frames of the existing socio-political system. They had enough experience with the practices and the policy of the communist regime, more than years before they were able to compare the existing political situation and the economic conditions with the situation in the democratic Europe in order to formulate more concrete expectations concerning the future. The distance between the people and the policy of the communist regime was more and more evident, as they confronted their own conditions with the situation in the democratic countries of Western Europe. On the other hand, there was a part of society that was relatively satisfied by some social conveniences offered by the socialist system, although these conveniences were often insufficient and strictly limited by the stagnating and unproductive economic system. The leaders of communist party were aware of the fact that their normalization-policy and incapability to introduce essential corrections of the political mechanism felt into the contradiction with changing inner political and social atmosphere in Czechoslovakia. It was in the first half of 1980’s, when it came to an outstanding differentiation of both Slovak and Czech society. A new generation grew up, which by its background determined by education and ideas completely exasperated the existing social-political and cultural-economic reality and was far beyond the normalization-policy of the communist regime. In its distance or even antipathy to the political regime, this new “wave” found common interest with the disappointed generation of 1968. Its another “ally” was a respectable part of Slovak and Czech intelligence in its effort to accentuate the adherence to human rights and civil liberties and the observance of religious freedom, cultural freedom, the freedom of education and scientific research. Main part of this publication, which contains also an introduction and selected bibliography, is focused on chronological overview of historical events concerning in particular Slovakia, although in a whole-Czechoslovak context. It is divided in two main parts. The first one starts with the silent manifestation of March 25, 1988, the so-called “candlelight demonstration”, that become one of the most significant manifestations of resistance against the communist regime. The end of this part is marked by November 16, 1989, that means by the eve of the events that had enormous importance for the whole development of Slovak and Czech society. The second part begins with November 17, 1989, and goes on till parliamentary elections that took place on June 8 – 9, 1990, e.g. elections of constitutional functionaries and the creation of federal and national governments in both parts of republic. The authors of both chronologically divided parts were taking into account the social-political, constitutional, economical, cultural, social and other context. Also reflected are international affairs of that time, first of all the social movement in the neighbor states Soviet Union, German Democratic Republic, Poland, Hungary and other states. At the same time the authors consider corrections in bilateral relations between the USSR and the USA as well as the Soviet Perestroika, which brought new impetus to the Slovak and Czech society and which in many aspects gave them an “eye opening” look. The impact of the Helsinkiprocess aimed at the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the cooperation between the East and the West was similar. At the end of 1980’s, the Perestroika and the Helsinki-process had crucial influence on the inner political and social development in Czechoslovakia. The bipolar world was slowly falling into pieces and the iron curtain between the East and the West was about to became history. Chronological records listed in both parts of this publication indicate, that the main protagonists of social/political development right after November ’89 – the VPN (Public against Violence) in Slovakia and the OF (Citizens Forum) in the Czech lands – laid down the condition of radical social transformation including a new order, pluralistic political system and parliamentary democracy and the reconstruction of local selfgovernment, as well as the consistent modification of state-political relations between the Slovak and Czech nation and the beginning of a economic and social reform. Further, they demanded freedom for culture, educational system and science and the revaluation of the foreign policy of Czecho-Slovak federation. Until the parliamentary elections in June 1990, the Slovak and Czech society overrun a fundamental transformation process in all spheres. Compared to similar development taking place in the neighbor states, this transformation process had some specific elements. Nevertheless, besides all specifics, all Central European post-communist states were about to participate in the process of European integration.


Book
Following the footsteps of Iron Felix : the state security in Slovakia 1945-1989
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ISBN: 9788089335534 8089335535 Year: 2012 Publisher: Bratislava Ústav pamäti národa

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Z dejín demokratických a totalitných režimov na Slovensku a v Československu v 20. storočí. Historik Ivan Kamenec 70-ročný : historik Ivan Kamenec 70-ročný
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Year: 2008 Publisher: Bratislava : Historický ústav SAV,

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Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: From the history of the democratic and totalitarian regimes in the 20th century of Slovakia and Czechoslovakia. The 70th jubilee of the historian Ivan Kamenec.


Book
Kapitolami najnovších slovenských dejín : K sedemdesiatym narodeninám Michala Barnovského
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Year: 2006 Publisher: Bratislava, Slovakia : Historický ústav SAV,

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During and after World War II, Slovakia underwent massive political, economic, social and state constitutional changes. Being the part of the international events of the “hot” and Cold War, it had been brand marked by the two nondemocratic, totalitarian regimes – fascist and communist. After the Slovak Republic, which was in 1939 – 1945 a satellite state of the Nazi Germany, Slovakia became a part of the reconstructed Czechoslovak Republic with its specific system of “the limited democracy”. The communist coup d’état in February 1948 had brought the country under the rule of another totalitarian regime, spreading from Moscow to all states of the Soviet block. Though, the Czechoslovak society in 1968 tried to reform the communist system, it was unsuccessful in the same way as some other Soviet block countries, which also attempted to disengage the chains of the Soviet imposed regime. This period of the modern Slovak history has been – mainly after 1989 – a subject of numerous studies. Nevertheless, it is still researched only partially, some problems more other less. At the most is missing the synthesis of the contemporary history of Slovakia. The Institute of History of SAS is trying to fill this gape with a project Slovakia in the 20th century granted by the state Agency for Support of Science and Research. The part of this project will be the collective monograph (as the volume V) dealing with the history of Slovakia in 1945 – 1968, and its authors plan for the future also the next, sixth, volume of this synthesis. The book Chapters from the Slovak Contemporary History, which now the reader has in his hands, is also aimed at the presentation of some key or important problems of the Slovak war and postwar history. But it is not the only goal. The publication is also a tribute to the 70. life jubilee of an outstanding Slovak historian Michal Barnovský. His forty-five years of scientific career in the Institute of History have enriched the Slovak historiography in the field of the contemporary Slovak history. In which researched themes and to what extend, the reader may find in the introductory article and in the selected bibliography of Dr. Barnovský. The book begins with chapters showing the multiplicity of the history of the Slovakia and the Slovak question during World War II. The first one (author Jozef Bystrický) describes the role, which the Slovak army played in the plans of the Czechoslovak Ministry of National Defense (MND) in London in 1943 – 1944. Various documents, especially the Directives from 1943, enclosed the views of the London exile, how to engage the army of the Slovak state in the rising against its regime and in military resistance against the Nazi Germany. Though, the Military Headquarters in Slovakia preparing and then in August 1944 realizing the uprising had had to take in account the specific situation on the Slovak territory at the given moment, the MND instructions and directives influenced highly positive the contents, character and the quality of the military-technical arrangements for the rising. The second chapter of this Slovak state points at issue deals with the specific phenomenon of the regime propaganda. In this connection the author Marína Zavacká analyses a Slovak state journal Vĺča (The Young Wolf) for boys of age between 6 and 10, members of Wolf corps of the Hlinka’s Youth organization. It served as a regime-sponsored source of officially approved children’s role-models, including patterns of deeds to be followed. The study summarizes different propagandist vehicles used for making up heroic stories, ranging from social sacrifice to the sacrifice of life. Following four chapters concentrate on several important problems during the period of “the limited democracy”. One of the crucial questions of those times was the position of the Slovakia in the newly reconstructed republic and the search for the model of the future co-existence of the Czechs and Slovaks. Marek Syrný in his text examines this complicated problem from the point of view Democratic Party (DP), which arouse from the Slovak National Uprising as the strongest noncommunist political subject in Slovakia. The idea of its leaders was the Czechoslovakia as de facto federal state. The decline of this DP plans was pronounced in the course of discussions to the three Prague agreements, which had been till February 1948 more and more influenced by the struggle for power between democrats and communists. The next chapter by Slavomír Michálek shows one of the key problems of this period in the sphere of the foreign policy: the aims and the activities of the Czechoslovak delegation at the Paris Peace Conference 1946, which were concentrated on the preparation of the treaty with Hungary. Beside the participation of the two leading figures of the delegation – Jan Masaryk and Vladimír Clementis – the author follows especially Juraj Slávik. Slovak born Slávik, who during his professional life belonged to the influential personalities of the Czechoslovak policy and diplomacy, participated at the finalizing the peace treaty texts regarding Hungary. Although the Slovaks felt the Hungarian problem as the most important for them, there had been another national community in Slovakia which postwar destiny radically changed. The German minority had been evacuated by German authorities, before the Red Army had crossed the Slovak borders (the chapter written by Milan Olejník). After the war had ended many of the Germans returned home, but there they fell under the decrees of President Beneš. Due to them they lost the Czechoslovak citizenship, underwent political, economic and social discrimination and 32-tousand of them were expelled. In 1948 to the rest of them the citizenship was returned, but the minority rights they have been lacking until 1989. The last chapter covering the period 1945 – 1948 belongs to the commentated document in which the French Consul General in Bratislava E. M. Manac’h informs his government about the key political phenomena in Slovakia during the Czechoslovak crisis in February 1948. The commentator of the material – published in Slovak translation and in French original – Pavol Petruf stresses, that E. M. Manac’h stated that the events between 21 and 27 February 1948 had shown the communists, in comparison to their democratic opponents, as better prepared for solving the batte for power. Couple of problems connected with the the communist coup d’état in February 1948 are the subject of another chapters. Miroslav Londák in his text analyses the changes of the economy system in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia, which had taken place in the first, “founding” period of the new regime. They resulted into the socalled socialist economy, based almost entirely upon the state ownership and directed by the centrally composed five years plans. The author also points out the specifics of the development in Slovakia and the determinants of its socialist industrialization. Another sector of economy – the agrarian one, is the topic of the chapter written by Viera Hlavová. The strategy of the communists immediately after the war was to get peasants on their side and therefore they had rejected the cooperatives of the Soviet type. But after the February 1948 the primary task became to re-orient the small agrarian production to the large-scale socialist one, to form state agricultural enterprises and, in the same time, to fight the “capitalist elements” in the country. The village had been transformed according to the Soviet mode, without respecting the specifics of the Czechoslovak and Slovak agriculture. The same regime changes as upon the Slovaks, dropped down upon the members of the Hungarian minority. In addition to it – as Soňa Gabzdilová-Olejníková states – immediately after the coup d’état the exchange of the inhabitants between Czechoslovakia and Hungary continued, the plans were made for the second stage of re-Slovakization and there was no hope for in the Czech lands deported Hungarians to return back to Slovakia. In this respect the situation changed with incorporation of the principles of so-called proletarian internationalism into the mutual relations between the communist parties of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The communist coup d’état influenced also the Slovak postwar emigration, which had been concentrated at the free and independent Slovakia. As Karel Kaplan in his chapter analyses, this Slovak exile was for a long time devided, but after the February 1948 Karol Sidor – one of the leading figures of the Slovak autonomist émigrés – successfully formed the Slovak National Council Abroad, the umbrella organization of the Slovak political exile. The direct influence of the exile states in his text also Vladimír Varinský, who surveys the formation of The White Legion organizations in Slovakia. Although it was possible, that some of these organizations provoked the State Security, the newest research shows that the main cause of their secret existence and activities was a spontaneous resistance of the people against the practices of a new regime. And the reaction of the communist establishment was persecutions. The most brutal form of them had been the framed political trials and the two of them from the beginning of the 50ties depicts in his chapter Jozef Leikert. Based upon the archival research, but mostly upon oral testimony he analyses them from the point of view of their insider, journalist and writer Ladislav Mňačko. He witnessed these trials as the daily news Pravda journalist and influenced the public in accordance with the regime propaganda. But later on he came round to realize its fabricated character and confessed his part of guilt. In the shadow of the “founding” period of the communist system with its totalitarian practices and persecutions stays the sometimes natural development – though politically and ideologically distorted – of various phenomena in the Slovak society. One of them, the development of the Slovak science from its half-amateur stage to internationally accepted partner, shows in her chapter Elena Londáková. She concentrates on the Slovak Academy of Sciences, but deals also with the complex of the state and party policy towards the science and its various branches. On the outside and from the point of view of communist leaders the “founding” period represented a successful establishing of the communist system. But already in this time there were the signs of the crisis, which is immanent to this type of regime. Jiří Pernes in his text summarizes the various opinions regarding its beginnings. Unlike Karel Kaplan, who talks about the crisis in 1953 – 1957, Pernes inclines to take in account deeper tokens of it, which perhaps started the crisis development already in the early 50ties. With the chapter of Václav Vondrášek the themes of the publication move chronologically to the history of the 60ties. He surveys the activities of the Hlinka’s Peoples Party exile at the turn of 50ties and 60ties and the countermeasures of the communist establishment in Slovakia. The efforts to unify this exile abroad, watched the communist regime in Czechoslovakia with suspicion. As the reaction, the State Security activities towards the potential followers of this exile branch started to intensify. So much more that in connection with the further restriction of power of the Slovak national institutions and worsening of the economic situation the discontent in Slovakia had grown. This special Slovak national discontent created also one of the differences in perception of the “Prague Spring” in the Czech and Slovak societies. As the author of this chapter, Stanislav Sikora states, during the attempt to reform the Soviet type of socialism in 1968, both state building nations in Czechoslovakia had their own conceptions of the democratization process. While in the Czech lands the priority was the general democratization of the political system, Slovaks felt it as the opportunity for the further national emancipation. But the newest studies also show that also the Slovak society was more diversified than this traditional characteristic says. The next chapter of the book treats the staffing transgression of the communist regime into the activities of the Slovak Evangelic Church of the Augsburg Confession in 1948 – 1989. Jan Pešek in his text analyses the communist regime attempts to rule over all spheres of the society, including the churches. In the case of Slovak Evangelic Church of the Augsburg Confession the establishment used the traditional election of all church and laic authorities for its own purposes. With various practices influenced the elections to the benefit of persons, willing to cooperate with the regime. In this way the ability of the Evangelic Church of the Augsburg Confession to resist the pressure of the communist system had been markedly weakened. Also the following chapter treats a specific issue. Jan Rychlík surveys the travel relations between Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1980 – 1989. The point is that in connection with the strikes in Poland and forming the independent trade union Solidarity, the Czechoslovak authorities started to be afraid of the free travel possibilities between two countries. There were two causes for this fear: political and economic. The author very precisely documents the official measures and economic circumstances, which for more than a decade regulated the travel transfer between the Czechoslovakia and Poland. The last chapter of the book by Juraj Marušiak bridges the history and contemporary development. It is an analysis of the perception of the past by the Slovak society and of its influence on the development after the November 1989. The author concentrates on the perception of the two totalitarian regimes – that of the war Slovak state and of the communist period. He comes to conclusion that in the Slovakia the roots of democratic tradition are not strong enough, which should be the result of the political system before 1918. Both totalitarian regimes of the 20th century used these behavior patterns of the population and on the other hand a great part of the people identified themselves with these regimes.


Book
Od autonómie k vzniku Slovenského štátu
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Year: 2008 Publisher: Bratislava, Slovakia : Historický ústav SAV,

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Celkový život slovenskej spoločnosti v minulom storočí rozhodujúcim spôsobom ovplyvnil zánik Rakúsko-Uhorskej monarchie, účasť slovenskej politickej reprezentácie na tvorbe nového štátneho útvaru a jej rozhodnutie vstúpiť do spoločnej Česko-Slovenskej republiky. Vznikli nové historické podmienky na uplatnenie národných, politických, hospodárskych, sociálnych a kultúrnych ambícii aké v minulosti neboli mysliteľné. Rovnako existovali mantinely vnútropolitického ale mimoriadne zahraničnopolitického charakteru, ktoré tento proces ovplyvňovali, determinovali a obmedzovali. Nebolo podstatné len to, že slovenský národ vstupoval do nového štátneho útvaru s historicky podmieneným spoločenským hendikepom vyplývajúceho z odlišných podmienok celkového predchádzajúceho spoločensko politického vývoja českých krajín, Slovenska a mimoriadne Podkarpatskej Rusi. Veľmi rýchlo sa objavili priamo nekompatibilné predstavy o štátoprávnom postavení Slovenska v republike a ďalšom budovaní spoločného štátu. Bolo priamo prirodzené, že rastúce národné ambície slovenského národa v podstatnej miere umožnené demokratickými podmienkami vývoja v novom štáte narážali na koncepčné predstavy českých elít jednoznačne uprednostňujúcich predovšetkým snahu vybudovať silný jednotný štát. Jeho základom mal byť jednotný etnicky československý národ aj vzhľadom k skutočnosti, že v štáte existovala silná etnická nemecká komunita. Problém integrácie Slovenska do nového štátu, stotožnenie sa slovenskej spoločnosti s republikou, primárna otázka vzťahu národa k štátu začali pomerne rýchle rezonovať po 28. októbri 1918, resp. po 30. októbri 1918. V plnej nahote sa vnášali do politických bojov a spôsobovali, že zápasy politických strán sprevádzala krvavá stopa nevraživosti ako jednoznačný symptóm len pomalého a postupného akceptovania demokratických zásad a demokratickej politickej kultúry v živote spoločnosti. Demokratický režim nového štátu, bez ohľadu na výhrady, resp. kritické pripomienky voči nemu zastihol slovenskú spoločnosť nepripravenú okamžite pochopiť jeho podstatu a zmysel, osvojiť si jeho princípy a len postupne a do určitej miery sa začal meniť prístup k novému politickému systému a jeho plnému rešpektovaniu. Konfrontačné prvky sa však výrazne vnášali aj do sociálnych zápasov, pričom snaha vyťažiť z nich politicky kapitál bola viac-menej evidentná. V tomto kontexte ani zápas o štátoprávne postavenie Slovenska v republike nebol výnimkou. Postupne však, ale jednoznačne v tridsiatych rokoch, dochádzalo k podstatným zmenám a vylúčeniu konfrontačných, krvavých stretnutí v politických a sociálnych zápasoch. Vplýval na to aj proces politického „dozrievania“ slovenského národa, keď rástlo národné povedomie a sebavedomie mimoriadne u mladej nastupujúcej inteligencie. Na druhej strane sa riešenie problému komplikovalo zložitým postavením nového štátu. V druhej polovici tridsiatych rokov sa začalo stupňovať bezprostredné ohrozenie samostatnosti a existencie republiky. Postupne sa dochádzalo k presvedčeniu, že nacistické Nemecko ohrozuje nielen samostatnosť ale priamo existenciu národov Československa. Ani v tomto období sa však nepodarilo odstrániť rozporuplné predstavy o štátoprávnom postavení Slovenska, ktoré rezonovali v slovenskej spoločnosti a ešte ostrejšie v kontaktoch medzi českými politickými elitami a jednotlivými politickými subjektmi na Slovensku. Bolo tomu tak napriek skutočnosti, že v spoločnosti všeobecne silnelo volanie po urovnaní vzájomných vzťahov ako predpokladu posilnenia odhodlania obyvateľstva brániť štát a vydobyté slobody po roku 1918. Predstavitelia politických strán na Slovensku sa nedokázali ani koncom tridsiatych rokov dohodnúť na formulovaní koncepčnej predstavy o mieste Slovenskej krajiny v štáte a už vôbec nie nejaký program spoločne obhajovať. Ich predstavy boli odlišné, rozdielne a protikladné, čo vyplývalo z ich politickej orientácie, ale mali jednu spoločnú ústrednú myšlienku, existujúce postavenie Slovenska v republike je neudržateľné; Slovensko potrebuje zmenu. Táto predstava rezonovala v celej slovenskej spoločnosti aj keď v rozdielnom rozsahu a v rozdielnych. konkrétnych predstavách Je symptomatické, ale v politických procesoch vývoja malého národa typické, že k zásadným rozhodujúcim vývojovým zmenám môže a dochádza v dôsledku kardinálnych prevratov na medzinárodnej scéne, v medzinárodných vzťahoch, veľmocenských presunoch, pod vplyvom agresie a pod. Nemožno pochybovať, že predstavy rôznych slovenských politických strán sa koncom tridsiatych rokov aj pod tlakom ohrozenia štátu a vyriešenia tohto problému ako posilnenia pozícii republiky približovali, hľadalo sa kompromisné, prijateľné riešenie. Je však nespochybniteľným faktom, že k zásadnému politicko mocenskému rozuzleniu tohto problému mohlo a došlo len pod tlakom zahraničnopolitického otrasu veľkého rozmeru. Diktát veľmocí v Mníchove a jeho vnútropolitické a zahraničnopolitické dôsledky umožnili, že sa mohla presadiť v danom momente maximalistická koncepcia riešenia slovenskej otázky vo forme federatívnej prestavby republiky. Je rovnako symptomatické, že následná zmena režimu smerovala jednoznačne k odbúraniu demokratického systému a budovania autoritatívneho režimu. Je ďalej príznačné, že Slovenský štát vznikol za situácie a podmienok, v rámci ktorých boli rozhodujúce zahraničnopolitické vplyvy a nie ambície politikov na Slovensku. Vybrané publikované štúdie chcú čiastočne prispieť k poznaniu týchto problémov, následkov a dôsledkov pre život spoločnosti a jej ďalšie politické smerovanie. Pritom je primárne koncentrovanie na politické rozmery týchto problémov s cieľom súčasne prispieť k poznaniu ako sa chcela republika brániť proti nacistickej agresii. Súčasne publikované, a v jednom prípade nepublikovaná štúdia o organizácii bezpečnosti na Balkáne, ukazujú ako chápali a riešili problémy bezpečnosti spojenci Československa v Malej dohode, resp. aké predstavy sa v podunajských štátoch prezentovali v oblasti integrácie a organizácie bezpečnosti. Spájanie problematiky všeobecných a národných dejín dáva príležitosť na podrobnejšie objasnenie toho ako reagovala slovenská spoločnosť na Mníchovskú dohodu, ale aj umožňuje naznačiť ako došlo a prečo došlo k mníchovskému diktátu z 29. septembra 1938. Prirodzene v niektorých štúdiách sa opakujú syntetickým spôsobom všeobecné úvahy, bez ktorých však by nebolo možné písať o konkrétnych ale aj teoretických predstavách a činnosti E. Beneša, M. Hodžu, J. Tisa. Priložené dokumenty považujeme za dôležité pri poznaní a hodnotení postoja E. Beneša k slovenskej otázke, ale aj jeho prístupu k publikovaniu dokumentov a následnému utváraniu jeho politického imidžu. Dokazuje to aj uverejnenie dokumentov, v spolupráci s Mgr. Barbarou Píseckou, o dohode slovenských , resp. politických strán zo Slovenska v Žiline 6. októbra 1938 a postojoch prezidenta a vlády k týmto otázkam. Vedecké štúdie sa publikujú v pôvodnom rozsahu. Viaceré z nich vyšli v zahraničí. Ich pôvodný zmysel smeroval k predneseniu daných problémov na zahraničných, resp. medzinárodných konferenciách a následne bol transformovaný na podmienky vedecky publikovaných prác predpokladu posilnenia odhodlania obyvateľstva brániť štát a vydobyté slobody po roku 1918. Predstavitelia politických strán na Slovensku sa nedokázali ani koncom tridsiatych rokov dohodnúť na formulovaní koncepčnej predstavy o mieste Slovenskej krajiny v štáte a už vôbec nie nejaký program spoločne obhajovať. Ich predstavy boli odlišné, rozdielne a protikladné, čo vyplývalo z ich politickej orientácie, ale mali jednu spoločnú ústrednú myšlienku, existujúce postavenie Slovenska v republike je neudržateľné; Slovensko potrebuje zmenu. Táto predstava rezonovala v celej slovenskej spoločnosti aj keď v rozdielnom rozsahu a v rozdielnych. konkrétnych predstavách Je symptomatické, ale v politických procesoch vývoja malého národa typické, že k zásadným rozhodujúcim vývojovým zmenám môže a dochádza v dôsledku kardinálnych prevratov na medzinárodnej scéne, v medzinárodných vzťahoch, veľmocenských presunoch, pod vplyvom agresie a pod. Nemožno pochybovať, že predstavy rôznych slovenských politických strán sa koncom tridsiatych rokov aj pod tlakom ohrozenia štátu a vyriešenia tohto problému ako posilnenia pozícii republiky približovali, hľadalo sa kompromisné, prijateľné riešenie. Je však nespochybniteľným faktom, že k zásadnému politicko mocenskému rozuzleniu tohto problému mohlo a došlo len pod tlakom zahraničnopolitického otrasu veľkého rozmeru. Diktát veľmocí v Mníchove a jeho vnútropolitické a zahraničnopolitické dôsledky umožnili, že sa mohla presadiť v danom momente maximalistická koncepcia riešenia slovenskej otázky vo forme federatívnej prestavby republiky. Je rovnako symptomatické, že následná zmena režimu smerovala jednoznačne k odbúraniu demokratického systému a budovania autoritatívneho režimu. Je ďalej prí- značné, že Slovenský štát vznikol za situácie a podmienok, v rámci ktorých boli rozhodujúce zahraničnopolitické vplyvy a nie ambície politikov na Slovensku. Vybrané publikované štúdie chcú čiastočne prispieť k poznaniu týchto problémov, následkov a dôsledkov pre život spoločnosti a jej ďalšie politické smerovanie. Pritom je primárne koncentrovanie na politické rozmery týchto problémov s cieľom súčasne prispieť k poznaniu ako sa chcela republika brániť proti nacistickej agresii. Súčasne publikované, a v jednom prípade nepublikovaná štúdia o organizácii bezpečnosti na Balkáne, ukazujú ako chápali a riešili problémy bezpečnosti spojenci Československa v Malej dohode, resp. aké predstavy sa v podunajských štátoch prezentovali v oblasti integrácie a organizácie bezpečnosti. Spájanie problematiky všeobecných a národných dejín dáva príležitosť na podrobnejšie objasnenie toho ako reagovala slovenská spoločnosť na Mníchovskú dohodu, ale aj umožňuje naznačiť ako došlo a prečo došlo k mníchovskému diktátu z 29. septembra 1938. Prirodzene v niektorých štúdiách sa opakujú syntetickým spôsobom všeobecné úvahy, bez ktorých však by nebolo možné písať o konkrétnych ale aj teoretických predstavách a činnosti E. Beneša, M. Hodžu, J. Tisa. Priložené dokumenty považujeme za dôležité pri poznaní a hodnotení postoja E. Beneša k slovenskej otázke, ale aj jeho prístupu k publikovaniu dokumentov a následnému utváraniu jeho politického imidžu. Dokazuje to aj uverejnenie dokumentov, v spolupráci s Mgr. Barbarou Píseckou, o dohode slovenských , resp. politických strán zo Slovenska v Žiline 6. októbra 1938 a postojoch prezidenta a vlády k týmto otázkam. Vedecké štúdie sa publikujú v pôvodnom rozsahu. Viaceré z nich vyšli v zahraničí. Ich pôvodný zmysel smeroval k predneseniu daných problémov na zahraničných, resp. medzinárodných konferenciách a následne bol transformovaný na podmienky vedecky publikovaných prác.


Book
Slovensko na ceste k demokracii
Authors: ---
Year: 2009 Publisher: Bratislava : Historický ústav SAV,

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Abstract

The formation of the Czechoslovak Republic was confirmed officially on October 28 and 30, 1918 by passing two constitutional acts – the Proclamation of the Czechoslovak National Council in Prague and the Declaration of the Slovak Nation in Turčiansky Svätý Martin. The implementation of Czechoslovak independent statehood, however, required another two years of consolidation in the territory of Slovakia, a period which ended by signing the Treaty of Trianon in June 1920. The period between these two milestones – October 1918 and June 1920 – was exceptionally demanding for Slovakia and its leading politicians. The author presents in her work “Slovakia on its Path to Democracy“ the complex problems that emerged immediately after the proclamation of the Czechoslovak Republic and that were closely connected with the process of integration of Slovakia into the new state. The crucial problem was especially the great gap caused by different levels of development of Slovakia and the Czech lands. It was exactly this feature that gave rise to new problems in the process of integration of the two territories. The Office of the Minister Plenipotentiary for the Administration of Slovakia was temporarily in charge of the consolidation of the new political situation. The Minister’s task was made more difficult by the efforts of Hungary to regain the territory of Slovakia or at least a part of it. This “war after the war” complicated the proper functioning of the administration and of the democratisation process in Slovakia, which was lawfully initiated and codified by the Revolutionary National Assembly. Many of its provisions could be implemented in the Czech lands only, as Slovakia had to be put under martial law in March 1919 because of new war events, with a military dictatorship being introduced in June 1919. Supplying the citizens with basic needs became more difficult, which led to an increase of post-war social tensions, disgruntled minorities, and even more complicating consequences on the domestic political scene. The author, besides describing the first steps that were made after the creation of the Czechoslovak Republic and the ideological and programmatic trends of Slovak policy, analyses some key issues that the Ministry Plenipotentiary had to face. These were closely linked to the changes in administration, staffing and funding, and the overall authoritative character of the post-war regime in Slovakia. Along with the national, economic, and social difficulties, they influenced the outcome of the general elections in 1920, which did not favour the Slovak middle-class parties, but made leftist parties victorious. In this context, the author focuses on certain prominent personalities of this era: especially Vavro Šrobár, Milan Hodža, and Juraj Slávik. They were representatives of the new Slovakia not only as government ministers, but also as leading politicians of the Agrarian Party, which played an important ideological, political, and economic role in Czechoslovakia from its beginning to its end. It is obvious that some problems that emerged immediately after the formation of Czechoslovakia (e.g. the struggle for Slovak autonomy and official recognition of Slovak national identity) and were not properly resolved, continued to reproduce themselves. They polarised the Slovak political scene to an unfortunately large degree, reappeared after twenty years in a more radical form, and proved fatal to the Republic as a whole and to Slovakia in 1938.

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